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[确定主题的重要性]
X is the leading cause of lung cancer in western industrialized countries.
Xs are among the most widely used antiviral medications and…
X is a common disease characterized by…
The issue of X has received considerable critical attention
X is an increasingly important issue in experimental astronomy…
Xs are some of the most potent anti-coagulants that exist…
X is an important component in robotics and plays a key role in Y.
[使用时间框架确定主题的重要性]
Recent developments in X have increased the need for…
Over the past fifty years there has been a steady increase in…
Traditionally, Xs have employed one type of model that…
In the last five years, there has been increasing public interest in…
Recently, researchers have increased their scrutiny of…
Since the late 1970’s research into X has experienced a boom…
One of the most important breakthroughs of the 1990’s was…
[给出文献摘要]
In the past decade, a number of studies have sought to determine…
Previous studies in this area of research have reported…
A considerable volume of literature has been published on X.
Xs were reported in the later models of Y (e.g., Pinot, 1998; Gregory,& Mustafa, 2002).
Jackson (2004: 154) demonstrates that past research into X was…
Surveys such as those carried out by Jackson (2004) showed how…
[突出研究领域的问题]
However, these rapid changes are having serious effects…
Regardless of the progress in the area of X, the major problem of Y persists.
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of…
[突出研究领域的争议]
To date there has been no consensus on how…
Some observers have drawn attention to the conflict in…
The controversy regarding confirmation of X has raged unabated for many decades.
Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of…
Little information is understood about X or what key factors…
[突出以前研究的不足之处]
However, the relationship has not been strongly established …
What is not yet clear is the impact of X on …
Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
Results of previous studies have proved inconclusive
[说明研究的目的]
The main purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of…
There are two central objectives of this study: 1.To investigate… 2. To determine…
The aim of this survey has been to try and ascertain what…
The goal of this study is to investigate the differences between….
The purpose of this research is to examine the way in which …
[研究问题或假设]
The central question in this dissertation examines …
This study aimed to address the following questions:
In particular, this study will examine four main research questions:
A crucial research question of this study was thus whether…
The hypothesis that will be tested is…
[数据的方法和来源概要]
This study was investigative and exploratory in nature.
The study was conducted in the form of a series of experiments, with data being gathered via…
This research takes the form of a case study of the…
Using quantitative measures, I attempt to examine the…
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study
[解释为什么使用或拒绝某种方法]
A longitudinal study was used to allow a wider sample of…
A qualitative method was avoided to ensure the accuracy of…
However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the use of…
The X approach has a number of useful features, including…
[描述过程（使用连续词/副词）
In order to identify the most responsive traits, the subjects were given…
To establish whether there were any mitigating factors…
For the purpose of measuring weight, all subjects stood…
Data for this study were retrospectively collected from…
Prior to undertaking this study, measurements were taken of…
Following this procedure, each sample was put in a…
The resulting compound was manually mixed in a flask so that…
[描述过程（使用文书/详细信息）]
Data analysis was carried out using X.
Comparisons between the two groups were made using t-tests…
Using X-ray and focusing on X, it was possible to measure…
At intervals of 2 min, 50cc of X was dissolved into Y….
[参考目标或方法]
To account for these two possibilities…
The correlation between X and Y was tested and found to be…
The first group of analyses examined the effects of…
T-tests were used to determine the connection between…
[突出显示表格，图表或图表中的数据]
As Table 4 shows, there is a clear trend of…
From the data in Figure 3.7, is can be seen that…
The differences between X and Y are shown in Table 2.
Data in this chart can be compared with those in Table 3, which…
[给出积极/消极的结果]
There was a significant positive correlation between X and Y…
The results, as shown in Figure 25, indicate that…
Post hoc analysis indicated that the two groups were…
There was no significant increase of X associated with…
No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo.
None of the differences measured were statistically significant.
Only trace amounts of X were found to be present in…
[报道有趣或令人惊讶的结果]
Interestingly, X was shown to have…
Surprisingly, there was no correlation found between X and Y.
The most striking observation to emerge from the data analysis was…
The most striking finding of this experiment was…
[报道采访，调查和结果问卷调查]
Forty-six individuals returned the questionnaires…
Respondents were asked to indicate whether…
In response to the question “____?” 53 percent indicated that…
The majority of those who responded to this item said that…
Just under half of the participants expressed the belief that…
[总结和过渡]
Together these results provide crucial insights into…
In summary, these results indicate that…
The results in this chapter point to…The next chapter therefore moves on to discuss…
Overall, these results imply that…
4.讨论部分
[参考文献或研究目标/问题]]
As mentioned in the review of literature, there are many studies that…
One initial objective was to determine what kind of…
It was hypothesized that participants dealing with Alzheimer’s would…
In the review of the literature, little to no data was found to connect…
A strong relationship between X and Y was reported in the literature.
[说出意外的结果]
Surprisingly, X was found to have no additional DNA markers in the…
This finding was unexpected and suggests that there is…
Contrary to expectations, this study located no significant differences between…
One unanticipated finding was that X was…
[参考以前的文献（支持/矛盾假设）]
These results match those mentioned in earlier studies of X….
This finding further supports the argument that X is…
These findings corroborate the ideas of Jackson and Coll (2011), who maintained that….
However, the findings of the current study are not consistent with previous research.
This result has not previously been described in similar studies.
These findings differ from Ronald’s 1994 estimate of X, but are broadly consistent with earlier studies.
[给出结果的解释]
There are several possible explanations for such a result.
Another possible explanation for this might be…
These differences can be explained in part by the colors of X and Y.
It seems likely that these results are in fact due to…
This discrepancy could be attributed to…
There are two likely causes for the differences between X and Y
[建议一个普遍的假设]
Therefore, it is possible/probable/likely that X and Y are…
Hence, it could be hypothesized that…
This finding, while preliminary, suggests that X is an agent of…
The value of X suggests that a link may exist between…
[讨论更广泛的影响]
These results help us to understand how X and Y are connected.
These results provide wider support for the hypothesis that…
One of the larger issues emerging from these findings is…
An implication of these findings is the potential for…
[暗示未来的工作]
There is abundant space for further progress in analyzing…
At present, several questions remain unanswered.
A further study with more focus on X should be done to investigate…
Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be undertaken.
5.结论（讨论结束部分）
[重申研究的目的]
This study set out to determine that X had implications on…
In this investigation, the goal was to assess the efficacy of…
This paper argued that X was important in determining Y.
Further studies of X that account for these variables need to be undertaken.
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